TightKnife

Girardin, émile De

2005-04-05T01:53:00.000-07:00

The illegitimate son of Count Alexandre de Girardin by the wife of a Parisian lawyer, he took his father's name upon the publication of his first work, an autobiographical novel Émile (1827). In 1828 he founded his

Pacific Ocean, Economic aspects

2005-04-04T14:40:00.000-07:00

A detailed review of Pacific Ocean minerals, including those contained in seawater and those on or beneath the ocean floor, is offered in G.P. Glasby, “Marine Minerals in the Pacific,” Oceanography and Marine Biology 24:1–64 (1986). Information on economic and other resources of the ocean areas is also found in such works as Asia & Oceania, vol. 4 of the Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, 7th ed., 5 vol. (1988); Fillmore C.F. Earney, Marine Mineral Resources (1990); and FAO Yearbook: Fishery Statistics. John P. Craven, The Management of Pacific Marine Resources (1982), offers well-written, scholarly coverage of resources and their management, or in some cases mismanagement; details on fisheries, shipping, scientific research, and maritime law are given in Edward Miles et al., The Management of Marine Regions: The North Pacific (1982); and Peter N. Nemetz (ed.), The Pacific Rim (1987), studies commerce, economic conditions, foreign investments, and resources in the Pacific Rim countries. Another valuable overview of economic conditions, international business enterprises, marine resources, and regionalism is Endel-Jacob Kolde, The Pacific Quest: The Concept and Scope of an Oceanic Community (1976); and Henry S. Albinski et al., The South Pacific (1989), studies the “New Pacific” and the economic, political, and social problems of island nations that have achieved independence since World War II.

Gymkhana

2005-04-04T06:43:00.000-07:00

Originally in 19th-century India and England, a display of athletics and equestrian events; in the 20th century, also a form of automobile sport in which a series of events is planned to test driving skill and demonstrate accurate car handling. Auto gymkhanas usually are held on parking lots on which a series of short but intricate courses are laid out. A typical event is

Córdoba, Mosque-cathedral Of

2005-04-03T08:52:00.000-07:00

The original structure was built by the Umayyad ruler 'Abd ar-Rahman I in 784–786 with extensions in the 9th and 10th centuries that doubled its size, ultimately making it one of the largest sacred buildings in the Islamic world. The ground plan of the completed building forms a vast rectangle

Baratynsky, Yevgeny Abramovich

2005-04-02T15:16:00.000-08:00

Of noble parentage, Baratynsky was expelled from the imperial corps of pages, entered the army, was commissioned,

Haas, Ernst

2005-04-02T03:34:00.000-08:00

Haas's youthful interests were divided between medicine and painting, but after World War II he abandoned both in favour of photography. His early photographs were experimentations in abstract light and form. When

Rashalom

2005-04-01T16:06:00.000-08:00

Asteroid whose orbit is the smallest of any such object so far discovered; it takes only 278 days to circle the Sun. Ra–Shalom was detected in 1978 by Eleanor Helin, a U.S. planetary scientist, at a distance of 29,000,000 kilometres (18,000,000 miles) from the Earth in a region of the solar system that was previously thought to be swept clean of asteroids. It measures about 4 km (2.5 mi) in diameter and is the largest

Belinsky, Vissarion Grigoryevich

2005-04-01T08:18:00.000-08:00

The son of a provincial doctor, Belinsky was expelled from the University of Moscow (1832) and earned his living thereafter as a journalist. His first substantial critical articles were part

Ekibastuz

2005-03-31T19:07:00.000-08:00

City and major opencut coal-mining centre in northeastern Kazakstan, on the Ertis-Qaraghandy Canal. Coal was discovered in the region in 1876 and was mined on a small scale. Only after construction of a railway in 1953 did large-scale exploitation of Ekibastuz' rich but low-grade coal seams begin. In the 1970s Ekibastuz was the third largest coal-mining centre in the Soviet Union,

Accent

2005-03-30T16:42:00.000-08:00

Accent has various

Reproductive System, Animal, Annelids and mollusks

2005-03-30T08:13:00.000-08:00

Annelids have a well-developed body cavity (coelom), a part of the lining of which gives rise to gonads. In some annelids, gonads occur in several successive body segments. This is true, for example, in polychaetes, most of which are dioecious. Testes and ovaries usually develop, though not invariably, in many body segments; and the sperm and eggs, often in enormous numbers,

Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis

2005-03-29T19:00:00.000-08:00

Guillemin was educated at the universities of Dijon, Lyon, and Montreal. He taught at the Baylor College of Medicine

Madison

2005-03-28T14:19:00.000-08:00

City, capital of Wisconsin, U.S., and seat of Dane county. It lies in the south-central part of the state, partly on an isthmus between lakes Mendota and Monona, which with lakes Waubesa and Kegonsa to the southeast form the “four lakes” group. Founded by James Duane Doty in 1836 (a year of frenzied land speculation in the newly created Territory of Wisconsin), it was named for President

ásgrímsson, Eysteinn

2005-03-28T05:45:00.000-08:00

Records of Ásgrímsson's life are scant. In 1343 he was imprisoned, probably for thrashing his abbot and perhaps for a breach of chastity as well. In 1349 he was made an official of the Skálholt bishopric, and he attended the bishop on a mission

Marshall Islands

2005-03-27T15:28:00.000-08:00

Officially Republic of the Marshall Islands, Marshallese Majol, country of the central Pacific Ocean. It consists of some of the easternmost islands of Micronesia. The Marshalls are composed of two parallel chains of coral atolls—the Ratak, or Sunrise, to the east, and the Ralik, or Sunset, to the west. The chains lie about 125 miles (200 kilometres) apart and extend some 800 miles northwest to southeast. The islands and islets number more than 1,200 and

Jew

2005-03-26T16:12:00.000-08:00

Hebrew Yehudhi , or Yehudi any person whose religion is Judaism (q.v.). In the broader sense of the term, a Jew is any person belonging to the worldwide group that constitutes, through descent or conversion, a continuation of the ancient Jewish people, who were themselves descendants of the Hebrews of the Old Testament. In ancient times, a Yehudhi was originally a member of Judah—i.e., either of the tribe

China, Land and people

2005-03-25T18:14:00.000-08:00

Physical geography is surveyed in The Physical Geography of China, 2 vol., trans. from Russian (1969), prepared by the Institute of Geography, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences; Songqiao Zhao, Physical Geography of China (1986); and Shih-hsun Ch'en, The Climate of China (1962). Studies of population include June Teufel Dreyer, China's Forty Millions (1976), an examination of China's minorities and their integration into society since 1949; C.K. Leung and Norton Ginsburg (eds.), China: Urbanization and National Development (1980); Liu Zheng et al., China's Population: Problems and Prospects (1981), containing surveys and case studies; Judith Banister, China's Changing Population (1987), an analysis of modern demographic trends; and New China's Population (1988), studies by Chinese demographers of three censuses. Atlases include Chiao-min Hsieh, Atlas of China, ed. by Christopher L. Salter (1973); P.J.M. Geelan and D.C. Twitchett (eds.), The Times Atlas of China (1974); Caroline Blunden and Mark Elvin, Cultural Atlas of China (1983); The Population Atlas of China (1987), on the 1982 census, prepared by the Population Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences; and Nathan Sivin (ed.), The Contemporary Atlas of China (1988), including maps, illustrations, essays, and a chronology.

Aerospace Engineering

2005-03-24T11:06:00.000-08:00

C. Hart, The Prehistory of Flight (1985), covers early concepts of the nature of flight and early attempts to construct flying machines. Charles H. Gibbs-Smith, Flight Through the Ages (1974), surveys aeronautics from its early period to the age of space exploration. Tom D. Crouch, A Dream of Wings (1981), traces the history of U.S. aeronautics. P.A. Hanle, Bringing Aerodynamics to America (1982), focuses on the European influences that led to the establishment of the science of flight as an exact science in the United States. Roger E. Bilstein, Orders of Magnitude: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915–1990, rev. ed. (1989), chronicles the growth of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Jerome Lederer, “Highlights in the Development of Civilian Aircraft,” Automotive Engineering, 88(12):33–43 (December 1980), is a review that dwells on the prominent technical concepts and development of civil air transportation. John D. Anderson, Jr., Introduction to Flight, 3rd ed. (1989), deals with theoretical questions of aerodynamics and describes the design and construction of airplanes. Other useful works include J.H. Hughes, Jr., and J.S. Priamos, Aerospace (1977); Barnes W. McCormick, Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics (1979); Leland M. Nicolai, Fundamentals of Aircraft Design, rev. ed. (1984); and Richard S. Shevell, Fundamentals of Flight, 2nd ed. (1989).

Anshar And Kishar

2005-03-24T10:05:00.000-08:00

In Mesopotamian mythology, the male and female principles, the twin horizons of sky and earth. Their parents were either Apsu (the watery deep beneath the earth) and Tiamat (the personification of salt water) or Lahmu and Lahamu, the first set of twins born to Apsu and Tiamat. Anshar and Kishar, in turn, were the parents of Anu (An), the supreme heaven god.

Penang

2005-03-24T07:01:00.000-08:00

Also called Penang Island , Malay Pinang, or Pulau Pinang island of Malaysia, lying off the northwest coast of peninsular Malaya, from which it is separated by a strait whose smallest width is 2.5 miles (4 km). Its area is about 113 square miles (293 square km). Penang Island is roughly oval, with a granitic, mountainous interior (highest point 2,428 feet [740 m]) and narrow coastal plains, most extensive in the northeast, where Malaysia's chief port, George

Pitt, William, The Younger

2005-03-23T06:31:00.000-08:00

British prime minister (1783–1801, 1804–06) during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. He had considerable influence in strengthening the office of the prime minister.

American Evangelical Lutheran Church

2005-03-22T18:01:00.000-08:00

Church established by Danish immigrants who in 1874 took the name Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and formally organized as a synod in Neenah, Wis., in 1878. A constitution was accepted in 1879, and the present name was adopted in 1954. In 1962 the American Evangelical Lutheran Church (with about 24,000 members), the United Lutheran Church in America, the Augustana Evangelical Lutheran

Chrétien, Jean

2005-03-22T06:42:00.000-08:00

The 18th of 19 children of a working-class family, Chrétien studied law at Laval University and was called to the bar in Quebec in 1958. Long interested in politics, he was first elected to the House of Commons in 1963 and was reelected thereafter through

Ternate Island

2005-03-21T20:51:00.000-08:00

Indonesian Pulau Ternate one of the northernmost of a line of Indonesian islands stretching southward along the western coast of the island of Halmahera to the Bacan Islands east of the Molucca Sea. Ternate Island, which lies within North Maluku propinsi (province), is situated 14 miles (23 km) west of Halmahera. The island is dominated by a volcano (5,646 feet [1,721 metres]) with three peaks. It has suffered from

Rabaut, Paul

2005-03-20T01:08:00.000-08:00

At age 16 Rabaut met Jean Bétrine, an itinerant preacher of the French Reformed Church, who was highly unpopular with the Roman Catholic government. Rabaut's consequent theological training, which led to his certification

Schreiber, R(aemer) E(dgar)

2005-03-19T17:37:00.000-08:00

American experimental physicist who during World War II was one of the scientists who worked on the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos, N.M., to develop the first atomic bombs and then helped assemble the two bombs that were dropped on Japan; after the war he stayed on at Los Alamos in the weapons division and helped develop the hydrogen bomb, from 1955 led the nuclear rocket

Hebrew Literature

2005-03-19T11:51:00.000-08:00

In the 18th century the conservative mystical movement of Hasidism spread rapidly over all eastern Europe except Lithuania. There, Elijah ben Solomon of Vilna, a writer of unusually wide scope, advocated a better graded course of Talmudic training. Shneur Zalman of Ladi created the highly systematized Habad Hasidism, which was widely accepted in Lithuania. The Musar

Ribot, Alexandre (-félix-joseph)

2005-03-19T07:59:00.000-08:00

Ribot studied law and rose to be director of the Department of Criminal Affairs at the Ministry of Justice. He was elected in 1878 to represent Pas-de-Calais in the Chamber of Deputies. Ribot was a moderate republican, and he specialized in financial matters. He lost his

Shamanism

2005-03-18T23:42:00.000-08:00

The residues of shamanism may be found among peoples who have been converted to religions of a later stage of culture—e.g., Finno-Ugric peoples who became Christians, Turkic peoples in Central Asia and Asia Minor who became Muslim, and Mongols who became Buddhists. Among the Finns, the tietäjä, a figure equivalent to the shaman, also is born with one more tooth than normal.

Accismus

2005-03-18T00:07:00.000-08:00

A form of irony in which a person feigns indifference to or pretends to refuse something he or she desires. The fox's dismissal of the grapes in Aesop's fable of the fox and the grapes is an example of accismus. A classic example is that of Caesar's initial refusal to accept the crown, a circumstance reported by one of the conspirators in William Shakespeare's Julius

Wrybill

2005-03-17T20:24:00.000-08:00

Also called Wrybill Plover (Anarhynchus frontalis), New Zealand bird of the plover family, Charadriidae (order Charadriiformes), with the bill curved about 20° to the right. This unique bill configuration is present even in the newly hatched chicks. The wrybill feeds by probing under stones and by sweeping its bill like a scythe in shallow, muddy water. It is about 15 cm (6 inches) long, gray above and white

Tabasco Plain

2005-03-17T13:16:00.000-08:00

Tropical lowland on the Gulf of Mexico, Tabasco state, southeastern Mexico. Occupying the coastal lowlands south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and north of the Yucatán Peninsula, the Tabasco Plain is a hot and humid land made up of alluvial materials deposited by the Grijalva and Usumacinta rivers and is covered with dense, tropical forest. Rainfall is heavy, and

China, The Juchen

2005-03-16T09:58:00.000-08:00

The Liao were eventually overthrown by the Juchen (Ju-chen in Wade–Giles, Ruzhen in Pinyin), another seminomadic and semipastoral people who originated in Manchuria, swept across North China, ended the Pei Sung, and established the Chin dynasty (1115–1234). This new and much larger empire in North China followed the Liao pattern of dual government and of some acculturation but

Anatexis

2005-03-15T16:39:00.000-08:00

In geology, the differential, or partial, melting of rocks. Each mineral in a rock has its own melting temperature, which is decreased to varying degrees by its close association with other minerals. In addition to the melting temperature of each individual mineral, pressure, temperature, and the presence of volatiles all influence the melting temperature of a mineral

Spanish Literature, The novel

2005-03-15T11:38:00.000-08:00

In Ramón Pérez de Ayala, the novel was at once a polished art form and a forum for philosophical discussion. Belarmino y Apolonio (1921; Belarmino and Apolonio), a projection of the old debate between faith and reason, made its characters almost symbolic, as did Tigre Juan (1926; Tiger Juan), on the traditional theme of honour. Gabriel Miró's perfect descriptive prose retarded the

Szczecin

2005-03-15T04:15:00.000-08:00

German Stettin, port city and capital, Szczecin województwo (province), extreme northwestern Poland, on the western bank of the Oder River near its mouth, 40 miles (65 km) from the Baltic Sea. Shipbuilding and shipping are the main occupations. Evidence suggests that the area was first inhabited by seafaring people 2,500 years ago. In the 8th and 9th centuries Szczecin was a Slavic fishing and commercial

Coster, Charles De

2005-03-14T23:19:00.001-08:00

De Coster lived most of his life in poverty and obscurity and took 10 years to write his masterpiece, La Légende et les aventures héroïques, joyeuses, et glorieuses d'Ulenspiegel

Arms, Coat Of

2005-03-14T23:19:00.000-08:00

The origin of the term coat of arms is in the surcoat, the cloth tunic worn over armour to shield it from the sun's rays. It repeated

Zirconia

2005-03-14T19:16:00.000-08:00

Zirconium dioxide, an industrially important compound of zirconium and oxygen usually derived from the mineral zircon (see zirconium).

Hamilton, Alexander

2005-03-13T19:53:00.000-08:00

Lashed by criticism, tired and anxious to repair his private fortune, Hamilton left the cabinet on January 31, 1795. His influence, as an unofficial adviser, however, continued as strong as ever. Washington and his cabinet consulted him on almost all matters of policy. When Washington decided to retire, he turned to Hamilton, asking his opinion as to the best time to publish his

Ganymede

2005-03-12T13:13:00.000-08:00

Greek Ganymedes, Latin Ganymedes, or Catamitus, in Greek legend, the son of Tros (or Laomedon), king of Troy. Because of his unusual beauty, he was carried off either by the gods or by Zeus, disguised as an eagle, or, according to a Cretan account, by Minos, to serve as cupbearer. In compensation, Zeus gave Ganymede's father a stud of immortal horses (or a golden vine). From early times it was believed that Ganymede's kidnapper had

Arts, Islamic, The 'Abbasids

2005-03-11T19:09:00.000-08:00

It was not until the 'Abbasids assumed power in 750, settling in Baghdad, that the golden age of Arabic literature began. The influx of foreign elements added new colour to cultural and literary life. Hellenistic thought and the influence of the ancient cultures of the Near East, for example, contributed to the rapid intellectual growth of the Muslim community. Its members,

Steamboat Springs

2005-03-11T13:11:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1877) of Routt county, north-central Colorado, U.S. Located in the high Rocky Mountains at an elevation of 6,762 feet (2,061 metres), the town was supposedly named for Steamboat Spring, reported to have recalled to trappers the chugging of a steamboat. The area was settled by whites in 1875 and was largely given over to ranching and timbering; the town served as a commercial centre. In

Jackson, Mahalia

2005-03-11T02:54:00.000-08:00

Jackson was brought up in a strict religious atmosphere. Her father's family included several entertainers, but she was forced to confine her own musical activities to singing in the church choir and listening—surreptitiously—to recordings

Ibn 'abbad

2005-03-09T21:22:00.000-08:00

Attracted to Morocco by the famous madrasahs (religious colleges), Ibn 'Abbad emigrated there at an early age. He abandoned legal studies in a quest for mystical knowledge. In 1359 he

La Fontaine, Jean De

2005-03-09T08:13:00.000-08:00

La Fontaine's many miscellaneous writings include much occasional verse in a great variety of poetic forms and dramatic or pseudodramatic pieces such as his first published work, L'Eunuque (1654), and Climène (1671), as well as poems on subjects as different as Adonis (1658, revised 1669), La Captivité de saint Malc (1673), and Le Quinquina (1682). All these are, at best, works of uneven quality. In relation

Chronology

2005-03-09T00:00:00.000-08:00

The Christian Era is the era now in general use throughout the world. Its epoch, or commencement, is January 1, 754 AUC (ab urbe condita—“from the foundation of the city [of Rome]”—or anno urbis conditae—“in the year of the foundation of the city”). Christ's birth was at first believed to have occurred on the December 25 immediately preceding. Years are reckoned as before or after the Nativity,

's Hertogenbosch

2005-03-08T23:39:00.000-08:00

Chartered in 1185 by Henry I, duke of Brabant, who had a hunting lodge nearby (hence the name, meaning “the duke's wood”), it was an important medieval wool centre and became a bishopric in 1559. The town saw many sieges

Florida

2005-03-08T00:08:00.000-08:00

City, central Camagüey provincia, east-central Cuba. Lying just north of the Muñoz River, Florida is a rail junction and manufacturing centre for the surrounding agricultural and pastoral lands. The principal agricultural products of the area are sugarcane and oranges. Cattle also are raised. Large sugar refineries are located on the outskirts of Florida, which

Res Judicata

2005-03-07T17:10:00.000-08:00

It has long been held that one judicial contest is enough for the litigants on

Finnish Literature

2005-03-07T06:29:00.000-08:00

Only in the 19th century did a strong literature in Swedish develop in Finland. Previously it had been somewhat sporadic, although there had been several excellent poets, notably Jacob Frese, Gustaf Philip Creutz, and Frans Mikael Franzén. In the work of Johan Ludvig Runeberg, the Finnish people and landscape first came to life in literature, and he became the national

Los Alamos

2005-03-06T22:43:00.000-08:00

The first white settlers arrived in the 1880s, and the county, named for its seat, was established out of parts of Santa Fe and Sandoval counties in 1949; in 1969 the Los Alamos county and city governments were integrated into one government.

Hui

2005-03-06T09:16:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Hwei, or Hui-hui, also called (Wade-Giles) T'ung-kan, or (Pinyin) Tonggan, Burmese Pathay, Russian Dungan, Chinese Muslims, intermingled with the Han Chinese throughout China but relatively concentrated in western China—in the provinces or autonomous regions of Sinkiang, Ningsia, Kansu, Tsinghai, Honan, Hopeh, Shantung, and Yunnan. Considerable numbers also live in Anhwei, Liaoning, and Peking. The Hui are also found on the frontier between China and Myanmar (Burma) and

Alabama, Education

2005-03-06T00:12:00.000-08:00

Elementary and secondary education in Alabama have improved substantially since the 1960s, though public schools in the state suffer from very weak local funding resulting from the state's low taxation on property. Teachers' salaries have risen since the early 1970s. Rural schools get less support than urban ones. Most public schools are integrated racially, though a substantial

Piezoelectricity

2005-03-05T21:47:00.000-08:00

Pressure on certain

Pabianice

2005-03-04T06:40:00.000-08:00

Town and suburb of Lódz city, in Lódz województwo (province), central Poland, in the Lódz highlands on the Dobrzynka River. The second most important town in the Lódz industrial region, it lies on the Lódz–Wroclaw rail line and is a major textile centre. The oldest community in the region, it was first settled in the 11th century and was granted town rights in 1297. Because it lay on the trade route

Music

2005-03-03T09:10:00.000-08:00

Both the simple folk song and the complex electronic composition belong to the same activity, music. Both are humanly engineered; both are conceptual and auditory, and

Hughes, David (edward)

2005-03-03T07:10:00.000-08:00

Anglo-American inventor of the carbon microphone, which was important to the development of telephony. His family emigrated to the United States when he was seven years old. In 1850 he became professor of music at St. Joseph's College, Bardstown, Ky. Five years later he took out a U.S. patent for a type-printing telegraph instrument; its success was immediate,

Christianity, New forms of worship

2005-03-03T04:26:00.000-08:00

The veneration of martyrs and the growth of pilgrimages stimulated liturgical elaboration. Great centres (Jerusalem and Rome, in particular) became models for others, which encouraged regional standardization and cross-fertilization. Though the pattern of the eucharistic liturgy was settled by the 4th century, there were many variant forms, especially of the

Talladega Mountain

2005-03-02T16:00:00.000-08:00

Low-lying segment of the Appalachian Mountains, extending northeastward along the border of Clay and Talladega counties and into Cleburne county in east-central Alabama, U.S. Rising to Cheaha Mountain (2,407 feet [734 metres]), the highest point in Alabama, the pine- and hardwood-covered mountain mass is mainly within the eastern division of the Talladega National Forest. In

North Lincolnshire

2005-03-02T06:32:00.000-08:00

Unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Lincolnshire, England, comprising a low plain on the south shore of the River Humber estuary that extends inland to the northernmost Lincolnshire Wolds and the reclaimed wetlands of the Isle of Axholme along the River Trent. The unitary authority covers a largely rural and agricultural area. Its fertile lands

Eye Disease, The uveal tract

2005-03-02T02:33:00.000-08:00

The uveal tract is a vascular layer of tissue—that is, a layer rich in blood vessels—lying next to the inner surface of the sclera. It is divided into three structures: the choroid, a highly vascular layer that supplies blood to the outer layers of the retina; the ciliary body, largely muscle tissue, which by its contraction and relaxation alters the focussing of the lens;

Rouen

2005-03-01T06:48:00.000-08:00

Known to the Romans as Rotomagus, the town first became important in the 3rd century AD, when Christianity was brought there by St. Mellon, who was its first bishop. Invaded by the Normans in 876, it became subject to the English crown after

Xie Jun

2005-02-28T18:31:00.000-08:00

At the age of six Xie began to play Chinese chess, and by the age of 10 she had become the girls' champion of Beijing. At the urging of government authorities, she soon began playing Western chess. Despite indifferent training opportunities, Xie

Ijsselmeer Polders

2005-02-27T21:16:00.000-08:00

The Zuiderzee project, which involved the construction of a dam (Afsluitdijk; completed 1932) enclosing the IJsselmeer

Lipizzaner

2005-02-27T16:02:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Lippizaner, also called Lipizzan, breed of horse that derived its name from the Austrian imperial stud at Lipizza, near Trieste, formerly a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The founding of the breed dates to 1580, and detailed breeding records date from 1700. The ancestry is Spanish, Arabian, and Berber. The six strains (Pluto, Conversano, Neapolitano, Favory, Maestoso, and Siglavy) are named from their foundation

Arts, Central Asian

2005-02-27T14:39:00.000-08:00

Music in Central Asia flowered along centuries-old caravan routes linking the Middle East with China and India via what is often referred to as Turkistan, the vast region extending from the Caspian Sea to Sinkiang province in China. Musical instruments diffused from one region to another, and many of the musical styles still display foreign influence. The variety

Gaetulia

2005-02-26T14:49:00.000-08:00

Ancient district of interior North Africa that in Roman times, at least, was inhabited by wandering tribes, the Gaetuli. The area, not clearly defined, included the southern slopes of the Atlas Mountains, from the Aurès Massif westward as far as the Atlantic; southward it extended to the oases in the northern part of the Sahara. Distinguished from the Negro tribes to

John George Iv

2005-02-26T04:41:00.000-08:00

At the beginning of his reign his chief adviser was Hans Adam von Schöning (1641–96), who counselled a union between Saxony and Brandenburg and a more independent attitude toward the emperor Leopold I. In accordance with this advice certain proposals were put before Leopold to which he refused to agree; consequently the

Scalping

2005-02-26T03:24:00.000-08:00

Scalping

Hyattsville

2005-02-25T14:25:00.000-08:00

City, Prince George's county, central Maryland, U.S., a northeastern residential suburb of Washington, D.C., at the head of the Anacostia River. Settled about the time of the American Civil War as Hart, it was renamed at its incorporation (1886) for its founder, Christopher Clarke Hyatt. In 1892 it became the first community to adopt the controversial single-tax system of providing public

Duchamp-villon, Raymond

2005-02-24T20:50:00.000-08:00

In 1900 Duchamp-Villon gave up medical school for sculpture, often working closely with his brothers, the artists Gaston (better known by his pseudonym, Jacques Villon) and Marcel Duchamp. Duchamp-Villon's early work was influenced

Abdülhamid I

2005-02-24T08:23:00.000-08:00

Ottoman sultan from 1774 to 1789 who concluded the war with Russia by signing the humiliating Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. By the terms of the treaty, Russia obtained the fortresses on the coast of the Sea of Azov, the area between the Dnieper and Bug rivers, and navigation and commercial privileges in the Ottoman Empire. Bukovina was ceded to Austria in 1775. Russia annexed

Kamakura-bori

2005-02-23T21:55:00.000-08:00

(Japanese: “Kamakura carving”), in Japanese lacquerwork, technique in which designs are carved in wood and then coated with red or black lacquer. Originally, it was an imitation of a Chinese carved lacquer (tiao-ch'i, called tsuishu in Japanese) in which many layers of lacquer are built up to a considerable thickness (often in several colours) and then cut back to achieve the

Biblical Literature, The New Testament Apocryphal writings

2005-02-23T19:25:00.000-08:00

This section will classify these documents in relation to their literary forms: gospels, acts, letters, and apocalypses.

Biblical Literature, Isaiah

2005-02-22T23:42:00.000-08:00

The Book of Isaiah, comprising 66 chapters, is one of the most profound theological and literarily expressive works in the Bible. Compiled over a period of about two centuries (the latter half of the 8th to the latter half of the 6th century BCE), the Book of Isaiah is generally divided by scholars into two (sometimes three) major sections, which are called First Isaiah (chapters

Adams, John Coolidge

2005-02-22T18:46:00.000-08:00

Adams was

Fischer, Bobby

2005-02-22T10:44:00.000-08:00

Fischer learned the moves of chess

Mammal, Response to environmental cycles

2005-02-22T07:04:00.000-08:00

Mammals may react to environmental extremes by acclimatization, compensatory behavior, or physiological specialization. Physiological responses to adverse conditions include torpidity, hibernation (in winter), and estivation (in summer). Torpidity may occur in the daily cycle or during unfavorable weather; short-term torpidity generally is economical only

Chemical Industry, Nitrogen

2005-02-20T21:06:00.000-08:00

Farm manure long supplied enough nitrogenous fertilizer for agriculture, but late in the 19th century it was realized that agriculture was outgrowing this source. A certain amount of ammonium sulfate was available

Burgred

2005-02-20T08:06:00.000-08:00

In 852 or 853 he called upon Aethelwulf of Wessex to aid him in subduing the North Welsh. The request was granted and the campaign proved successful, the alliance being sealed by the marriage of Burgred to Aethelswith, daughter of Aethelwulf. In 868 the Mercian king appealed to Aethelred and Alfred for assistance

Alicyclic Compound

2005-02-20T02:07:00.000-08:00

In chemistry, any of a large class of organic compounds in which three or more atoms of the element carbon are linked together in a ring. The bonds between pairs of adjacent atoms may all be of the type designated single bonds (involving two electrons), or some of them may be double or triple bonds (with four or six electrons, respectively); six-membered rings for which a system

Huntsville

2005-02-19T15:19:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1808) of Madison county, northern Alabama, U.S. It is situated in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains near the Tennessee River, about 100 miles (160 km) north of Birmingham. It was originally called Twickenham by planter Leroy Pope for the home of his kinsman, Alexander Pope, the English poet. It was incorporated in 1811 and was renamed for John Hunt of Virginia, a Revolutionary

East Chicago

2005-02-18T11:18:00.000-08:00

Industrial city and port, Lake county, northwestern Indiana, U.S., adjoining Gary, Hammond, and Whiting. It is a part of the Chicago-Calumet industrialized metropolitan complex. Laid out in 1887, its industrial development was stimulated by construction of Indiana Harbor, connected with the Grand Calumet River by a 3-mile (5-kilometre) ship canal and including an extensive system

France, History Of, The Dreyfus affair

2005-02-18T08:09:00.000-08:00

The 1890s also saw the Third Republic's greatest political and moral crisis—the Dreyfus affair. In 1894 Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a career army officer of Jewish origin, was charged with selling military secrets to the Germans. He was tried and convicted by a court-martial and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island off the South American coast. Efforts by the Dreyfus

Amravati

2005-02-17T21:45:00.000-08:00

Also called Amraoti, town, northeastern Maharashtra state, western India. It lies 85 miles (137 km) west of Nagpur. The town occupies an important position near passes through the hills that separate the cotton-growing regions of the Purna River basin (west) and the Wardha River basin (east). A growing industrial centre, it is expanding toward nearby Badnera; its cotton mills supply Bombay, Calcutta, and

Franc

2005-02-17T08:35:00.000-08:00

Originally a French coin but now the monetary unit of a number of countries, notably Switzerland, most French and former Belgian overseas territories, and some African states; at one time it was also the currency of France, Belgium, and Luxembourg. The name was first applied to a gold coin minted by King John II of France in 1360, which bore on one face the Latin legend Johannes

Prussia

2005-02-16T16:36:00.000-08:00

German Preussen , Polish Prusy in European history, any of certain areas of eastern and central Europe, respectively (1) the land of the Prussians on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea, which came under Polish and German rule in the Middle Ages; (2) the kingdom ruled from 1701 by the German Hohenzollern dynasty, including Prussia and Brandenburg, with Berlin as its capital, which seized much of northern

Armco Inc.

2005-02-16T10:22:00.000-08:00

Originally a manufacturer of sheet iron and steel, the company diversified, and its activities now

Maderna, Bruno

2005-02-15T20:14:00.000-08:00

Maderna studied with well-known teachers, including the Italian composer Gian Francesco Malipiero and the German conductor Hermann Scherchen. In 1941 he received his degree in composition at Rome from the Conservatorio di Musica Santa Cecilia. He expanded

Xenakis, Iannis

2005-02-15T06:34:00.000-08:00

Xenakis was born to a wealthy family of Greek ancestry, and he moved to Greece in 1932. He fought in the Greek resistance movement

Novel, Apprenticeship

2005-02-14T18:12:00.000-08:00

The Bildungsroman, or novel about upbringing and education, seems to have its beginnings in Goethe's work, Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (1796), which is about the processes by which a sensitive soul discovers its identity and its role in the big world. A story of the emergence of a personality and a talent, with its implicit motifs of struggle, conflict, suffering, and success,

Medicine

2005-02-14T01:42:00.000-08:00

The subject of medicine is treated in a number of articles, the principal of which is medicine, history of. For a treatment of general considerations and current techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, see diagnosis and therapeutics. For fields

Plisetskaya, Maya (mikhaylovna)

2005-02-13T10:50:00.000-08:00

A niece of the dancers Asaf and Sulamith Messerer, Plisetskaya studied with Paul Gerdt's daughter Yelizaveta and with Agrippina Yakovlevna Vaganova and graduated from the Bolshoi

La Vérendrye, Pierre Gaultier De Varennes, Et De

2005-02-11T22:32:00.000-08:00

French-Canadian soldier, fur trader, and explorer whose exploits, little honoured during his lifetime, rank him as one of the greatest explorers of the Canadian West. Moreover, the string of trading posts he and his sons built in the course of their search for an overland route to the “western sea” broke the monopoly

Furniture, Chest

2005-02-11T05:19:00.000-08:00

The chest, including the coffin (and sarcophagus), is an ancient primitive furniture form that has survived into the 20th century. The design of a clothes chest is optional; its size depends on changing demands. The construction of a coffin, on the other hand, is a set task. The format is determined by certain principal dimensions, and the human figure has at all times exercised

Durga

2005-02-11T00:56:00.000-08:00

(Sanskrit: “the Inaccessible”), in Hindu mythology, one of the many forms of Sakti (the goddess), and the wife of Siva (Shiva). Her best-known feat was the slaying of the buffalo-demon Mahisasura. According to legend she was created for this purpose out of flames that issued from the mouths of Brahma, Vishnu, Siva, and the lesser gods. She was born fully grown and beautiful; nevertheless,

Alarcos, Battle Of

2005-02-10T21:25:00.000-08:00

(July 18, 1195), celebrated Almohad victory in Muslim Spain over the forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile. In 1190 the Almohad caliph Abu Yusuf Ya'qub forced an armistice on the Christian kings of Castile and Leon, after repulsing their attacks on Muslim possessions in Spain. At the expiration of the truce (c. 1194) Alfonso invaded the province of Sevilla (Seville), prompting Abu Yusuf to leave

Kirov, Sergey Mironovich

2005-02-09T19:56:00.000-08:00

A Bolshevik Party member and organizer, Kirov was arrested several times for his revolutionary activities before the October Revolution (1917) placed the Bolsheviks in power

Hawke, Robert

2005-02-09T18:49:00.000-08:00

After graduating from the University of Western Australia with a degree in law, Hawke spent three years at the University of Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar. He was briefly an economics researcher at the Australian National University in Canberra and in 1958 joined the Australian

TightKnife

Girardin, émile De

Pacific Ocean, Economic aspects

Gymkhana

Córdoba, Mosque-cathedral Of

Baratynsky, Yevgeny Abramovich

Haas, Ernst

Rashalom

Belinsky, Vissarion Grigoryevich

Ekibastuz

Accent

Reproductive System, Animal, Annelids and mollusks

Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis

Madison

ásgrímsson, Eysteinn

Marshall Islands

Jew

China, Land and people

Aerospace Engineering

Anshar And Kishar

Penang

Pitt, William, The Younger

American Evangelical Lutheran Church

Chrétien, Jean

Ternate Island

Rabaut, Paul

Schreiber, R(aemer) E(dgar)

Hebrew Literature

Ribot, Alexandre (-félix-joseph)

Shamanism

Accismus

Wrybill

Tabasco Plain

China, The Juchen

Anatexis

Spanish Literature, The novel

Szczecin

Coster, Charles De

Arms, Coat Of

Zirconia

Hamilton, Alexander

Ganymede

Arts, Islamic, The 'Abbasids

Steamboat Springs

Jackson, Mahalia

Ibn 'abbad

La Fontaine, Jean De

Chronology

's Hertogenbosch

Florida

Res Judicata

Finnish Literature

Los Alamos

Hui

Alabama, Education

Piezoelectricity

Pabianice

Music

Hughes, David (edward)

Christianity, New forms of worship

Talladega Mountain

North Lincolnshire

Eye Disease, The uveal tract

Rouen

Xie Jun

Ijsselmeer Polders

Lipizzaner

Arts, Central Asian

Gaetulia

John George Iv

Scalping

Hyattsville

Duchamp-villon, Raymond

Abdülhamid I

Kamakura-bori

Biblical Literature, The New Testament Apocryphal writings

Biblical Literature, Isaiah

Adams, John Coolidge

Fischer, Bobby

Mammal, Response to environmental cycles

Rashalom